Chicago Manual Of Style Non Hyphen
Photo by Emma Matthews on UnsplashThere are three punctuation marks involved in making a list in a sentence: the comma, colon, and semicolon. Which you use depends on how complex your list is.CommaIf you are writing a simple list, you can just insert a comma after each item. Like this:Today I ate cookies, cookies, and more cookies.Colon and CommaYou can also use a colon before you introduce the list’s items. In many cases, this will make the sentence more concise and make the items of the list more apparent.Take a look at this sentence:Roxy had three choices for lunch, which were pizza, grubs, and salamander.You could shorten this sentence by placing a colon before your list (and using commas to separate the items).
That sentence would look like this:Roxy had three choices for lunch: pizza, grubs, and salamander.With the help of a colon, you can also combine sentences. Here’s the original:Ralph thought about two things. One thing he thought about was pizza. The other thing he thought about was algebra.Here’s the new sentence:Ralph thought about two things: pizza and algebra.(Notice here that commas don’t separate these list items because there are only two.)So short. Thank you, colon and comma.Colon and SemicolonIf your list is complex, you may want to use semicolons as dividers to make each individual item easier to read. Welcome back for our final installment from the horizontal language department.
Previously we discussed the and the. Today we will learn about the shortest in the dash-like family, the hyphen.Hyphen basicsHyphens link:.
a prefix or a suffix to a word; and. two or more words togetherHyphens linking prefixes and suffixesOne of the most difficult questions when it comes to this topic is whether to hyphenate.
In general, there is a movement away from hyphenation when it comes to prefixes and suffixes.Think about the words bicycle and misinformed. If we added a hyphen before these prefixes, the words would look like this: bi-cycle and mis-informed. However, due to the trend away from hyphenation, these words now look wrong to us with their hyphens.Still, there are times when we include hyphens with prefixes and suffixes. Today, one of the hyphen’s main purposes is to help with ease of reading. A general rule is to hyphenate when a lack of a hyphen would cause confusion or when it is not a familiar word without the hyphen.For example, think of the word recreation.
Recreation, without the hyphen, means exercise or play. Re-creation, with the hyphen, means to create something again. The words have two different meanings depending on whether you use a hyphen. The same idea goes with recover and re-cover.For the second part of the rule, let’s consider my obsession with collecting R2D2 figurines.
(Stay with me.) If someone broke into my apartment and stole all of my R2D2 toys, I would be R2D2-less. However, I would not be R2D2less because, well, that word just looks strange. Think also about someone who just quit smoking.
They would now be tobacco-free. They wouldn’t be tobaccofree. In both these instances, you need the hyphen because these words are not familiar without them.Unfortunately, there are few definitive rules when it comes to using hyphens with prefixes and suffixes. However, The Chicago Manual of Style’s chapter seven has a handy list of hyphenated and unhyphenated words.Hyphens linking two or more words togetherThis use of hyphens thankfully has more definitive rules.1. Compound modifiers with nouns: Compound modifiers are two or more words that work together to describe a noun. Think about half-full jar ( Half-full is the compound modifier.) and closed-lipped smile ( Closed-lipped is the compound modifier.). When these come before a noun, they are usually always hyphenated.Here are more examples:red-and-white dressseven-year-old boythree-time championwell-read manthirty-year reignsecond-best optionHowever, if your modifier includes a word ending in –ly, it does not take a hyphen, such as in these examples:highly paid executiveamazingly hilarious moviehumorously dull personfinally pursued goal2.
Omission of part of a hyphenated expression: This also has to do with compound modifiers. Let’s start with an example. Say you have a five-year plan (Note the hyphen.) and a ten-year plan. ( Five-year and ten-year are the compound modifiers.) If you wanted to write about both of these plans at the same time, you could write my five-year plan and my ten-year plan. Or you could combine the two to write my five- and ten-year plans. Here, we took out the first year, but we still need the hyphen.Here are more examples:twenty- and thirty-year payment plansfirst- and second-year studentsMinneapolis- or St.
Paul-bound passengersfur- and gut-covered manFinal noteAs you can tell, the rules (and sometimes the lack thereof) for hyphens are complicated. I have touched on basics here, but there are many exceptions depending on the word. I recommend further investigation if you are researching a specific case. Like I mentioned before, chapter seven of The Chicago Manual of Style breaks down case-by-case scenarios in better detail.
You can also try that old trick of checking the dictionary. In part two of this series, we have reached the middle of our longest to shortest dash/hyphen set. The en dash: not quite an em dash, not quite a hyphen, and not quite as useful as either. I’m really selling this blog post, aren’t I?But it’s actually important to learn the proper use of the en dash because an untrained eye might think an em dash or a hyphen is being used, when it’s actually an en dash. (The en dash is not as long as the em dash and not as short as a hyphen, but the lengths are just close enough that it can be easy to confuse.) And if you don’t use an en dash in its appropriate circumstances, not only will you make a punctuation error, but the entire realm of horizontal punctuation might implode and start eating itself. So, it’s important, okay?En dash basicsLike the em dash, the en dash received its name from typesetting. This dash is the same length as the letter n, so it is thus called an en dash.The en dash is used:.
with number ranges. to signify to. with compound adjectivesNumber rangesThe en dash can be used to replace the phrase up to and including, through, and to in number ranges.Take a look at these examples:David Bowie’s golden years were 1972–1979.I have to read chapters 6–8 for homework.The gallery will be open 2–11 p.m. Friday.The Sharks beat the Jets, 14–5.However, if the sentence has the word from before the first number in the number range, do not use an en dash. Instead, use the word to between the numbers:From 1987 to 1989, Mark had a mullet haircut.I will be unavailable from 6 p.m. To 8 p.m.Likewise, if the word between comes before the first number in the number range, do not use an en dash.
Instead, use the word and.Between October 1 and December 1, I will be on vacation.You can catch me at my office between 9 a.m. And 5 p.m.The en dash is also used with unfinished date ranges. Welcome to part one of a three-part series about horizontal fun in the punctuation department: the em dash, the en dash, and the hyphen. Through this series, you’ll learn the difference between these marks and when to use which one.Let’s take these marks from longest to shortest. That means we are going to discuss the em dash first.Em dash basicsThe em dash received its name from typesetting. It is the width of a letter m, hence the name em dash.The em dash is used to show:.
emphasis. interruption. sudden breaks in thought. lists.
quote attributionWhen used to show emphasis, interruption, sudden breaks in thought, and lists, em dashes may replace commas, semicolons, or colons. Because dashes are meant to be used sparingly, they have a greater impact than commas, semicolons, and colons—and they can really pump up the volume on your sentence.Em dash used for emphasisThink about when you’re telling a story or a lecture or explaining rules to someone, and you have come to the place where you want to make a main point.
You pause, right? You pause to alert the listener that something important is coming.
When translated to text, this is where you would use an em dash for emphasis. The main point is one example of when you would want to use emphasis.
You could also use emphasis to show danger or excitement and for gobs of other reasons.Here are some examples:Class, there is a squiggly line on the board—this is very important—don’t ever divide the horseshoe by the squiggly line.Don’t ever divide the horseshoe by the squiggly line—especially you in the back row.One time I divided the horseshoe by the squiggly line—and the building blew up.Em dash used for interruptionIf you read fiction, you’ll probably recognize this use of the em dash from dialogue. Swedish mauser carbine sling. It looks something like this:“I want you to know that I—,” Sarah began to say.Or this:“I want you to know that I—”“What?” Cal interrupted. “You love me?”Em dash used for sudden breaks in thoughtIf you’re like me, then you usually have a hundred thoughts going through your head at any given moment.
Chicago Manual Of Style Non Hyphen In Word
(Unless you’re eating cookies. The proper way to format dates in America is to write month, day, comma, year. Like this:May 27, 1950However, as you are no doubt aware, this is the proper way to format a date in America. Different countries have different formats. And this is where we need to devote a tangent to Mr. Jonathan Swift, one of history’s most beloved satirists, the reason for which will be clear soon.
(Feel free to skip this part if you want to get straight to the date discussion.)A Swift AsideThe date format we use in America is called middle endian, but there is also the big endian and little endian formats. These terms derive from Jonathan Swift’s famous book, Gulliver’s Travels. One of the stories involves a political faction called Big Endians, people who liked to crack their eggs at the large end. The Lilliputian king considered this method too primitive and required his subjects, the Little Endians, to break their eggs at the small end. But the Big Endians rebelled.Here is a quote from the book about these two groups:“It is allowed on all Hands, that the primitive way of breaking Eggs, before we eat them, was upon the larger End: But his present Majesty’s Grandfather, while he was a Boy, going to eat an Egg, and breaking it according to the ancient Practice, happened to cut one of his Fingers.
Whereupon the Emperor his Father published an Edict, commanding all his Subjects, upon great Penalties, to break the smaller End of their Eggs. The People so highly resented this Law, that our Histories tell us there have been six Rebellions raised on that account; wherein one Emperor lost his Life, and another his Crown. It is computed, that eleven thousand Persons have, at several times, suffered Death, rather than submit to break their Eggs at the smaller End.
Many hundred large Volumes have been published upon this Controversy: But the books of the Big Endians have been long forbidden.”And, somehow, some way, this is how we got the names for date formats; the system, itself, being called Endianness. Endianness is a system by which units are ordered based on size. In terms of calendar dates, the units are day, month, and year, with day being the smallest unit and year being the largest unit.Little endian formatMost countries, including the vast majority of Europe, format their dates using the little endian method. This is why if you were to, say, pick up a British newspaper, you would see the date written with the day first, then the month, and then the year. As for commas, this format omits them.Example: Hazel was born 27 May 1950.However, I did find references that said a comma should be placed between the month and year if you are using an ordinal number (first, second, 1st, 2nd). In this case, an example would be:Hazel was born 27th May, 1950.Middle endian formatAs we discussed earlier, America uses the middle endian format, joined by only a few other countries.
In this format, the month goes first, then the day, then a comma, and then the year. Since the month is the middle-sized unit in the date, this format is called middle endian.Example: Hazel was born May 27, 1950.Big endian formatThe international formal standard for formatting dates follows the big endian format, with the year coming first, then the month (since it is one step smaller than the year), and then the date.Example: Hazel was born 1950 May 27th.In the big endian format, there are no commas.What about commas after the year?Recently I had a comma debate with a work colleague. (If you’re not a copy editor, grammarian, or punctuation purist, this is exactly the type of conversation during which it would be easy to fall asleep. But to us, it was heated; it was enthralling; and it had just a hint of danger.) The question involved whether with a date in a sentence to include a comma after the year (when using the middle endian format).To me, the answer was obvious: Yes, of course you put a comma there. And I prepared my list of references to back me up. To her, the answer was unclear. She also had a list of references that said it can go either way.
(Grammar Girl, for one, is unfortunately on her side.) Well, I consider her references to be rogues, Grammar Girl or not.So, it depends on what references you choose to follow. In the majority of my work, I adhere to The Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press Stylebook, and they say a sentence with a full date should look like this:Hazel’s birthday of May 27, 1950, was a beautiful day. Posts navigation. Email SubscriptionEnter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.Sign me up!
Is Non Adherence Hyphenated
Search Grammar Party Search for:.Knowing the difference between 'who's' and 'whose' can be tricky, so here's a handy guide to help you remember!.Take advantage of the weather with some winter writing prompts! Click the link for inspiration:.I made it 11 days into the year before I heard my first 'not only survive, but thrive.' I thought we all agreed we.RT @: Same.I took a writing class by the wonderful @ last night at @.
She's celebrating the launch of he.
Names and TermsIII. Punctuation and FormattingV. IntroductionResourcesThe Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) is used for all AAC&U publications. Copies of the Chicago Manual of Style are available in the Office of Communications.
AAC&U employees can search the manual's contents online at.AAC&U uses Webster's Eleventh New Collegiate Dictionary, available online at, as a guide for spelling, hyphenation, word breaks, etc. When in doubt, check the dictionary. Print and CD-ROM versions of the dictionary are available in the Office of Communications and Public Affairs.Bartleby.com's usage page, online at, is a good resource for questions about grammar and usage that Chicago does not cover.Using This GuideThe style guide you are reading now is based upon the Chicago Manual of Style and Webster's Eleventh New Collegiate Dictionary.
Non Hyphen Or Not
This guide is not meant to be complete in itself; rather, it is designed to address common style questions and to clarify policy matters that are not resolved in those books. The guide is keyed throughout to Chicago (abbreviated CMS).This guide should be adhered to in the running text of all major AAC&U publications, but may be judiciously adapted for marketing and meetings publications and elsewhere for graphic purposes.
In such contexts, communications staff may choose to occasionally depart from Chicago style—for example, by spelling 'twenty-first century' as '21st century.' Names and TermsAAC&U and Other OrganizationsIn the first reference to the association, the is put before the name in full, followed by the acronym in parentheses:the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U)Subsequent references use the acronym (with ampersand):AAC&U (not 'the AAC&U' or 'AACU')When used on their own—even when used to replace proper names—'association' and like terms are lowercased ( CMS 8.68, 8.70).The association was founded in 1915.The Association of American Colleges and Universities was known as the Association of American Colleges (AAC) until 1995. Use the old name when referring specifically to work done by the association prior to the name change.